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  【摘要】 定语从句既是初中英语教学的重点，也是初中英语教学的难点，定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用和用法，引导学生理解定语从句的关系代词和关系副词，在先行词和定语从句之间起的联系作用,它们可以作定语从句的一个成分，充分认识、学习定语从句对于学生的英语学习有极大的作用。

  【关键词】 英语；教学；定语从句；引导

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）

Attributive clause is a kind of attributive relative clause. It is usually introduced by the relative pronouns : who, whom, whose, which, that, as, what, than, but；or by the relative adverbs :when, where, and sometimes why.(定语从句是一种形容词性的关系从句。他用关系代词 who ,whom, whose, which, that, as, what, than, but,或关系副词when, where, 或有时用why, 来引导。)

There are two types of attributive clauses: restrictive and retributive . (定语从句分为两种：限制性的定语从句和非限制性的定语从句。)

    引导词：Introductory words

关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词指代先行词，放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又充当定语从句中的某一种成分（主语、宾语、状语）。引导定语从句的关系代词有：which, that, who, whom, whose, as, what, than, but, 关系副词有：when, where, why.

一、常用的关系代词

1.“that”的用法

“That” is often used in restrictive clauses for both things and persons, especially as an object ,replacing “which” or “whom”.( “that”通常用在限制性的定语从句中可指人或物，指人时可与who, whom 互换，指物时有时可与which互换。在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时，可省略。

For example ：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle .(指物，作主语)

For example：Peter is no longer the person (that/who/whom)I met ten years ago .(指人，作宾语)

下列情况时，关系词必须用“ that ”而不能用“which”

（1）. 当先行词是不定代词：all, little, few, much, something, anything, everything, nothing, none, some等时。

For example: I have said all that I want to say .

For example: The little that I can do will not even be noticed .

For example: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop ?

（2）. 当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时。

For example: He was one of the strongest men that ever lived .

For example: The first statement that was issued by the press gave very few details .

（3）. 当先行词被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much, the only, the every, the right, the last, few, just 等修饰时。

For example: He is the only boy that got one hundred marks .

For example: All the things that we can do is to give you some advice .

（4）. 当先行词既有人又有物时，关系词只能用that。

For example: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room .

（5）. 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊凝问句时。

For example: Who is the person that is standing at the gate ?

2. “which” 的用法

As a relative pronoun, “which” is nearly always used only for things or animals in modern English . It occurs as either subject or object of the verb in the clause .(作为关系代词，which 在现代英语中总是用来指物或动物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。)

For example: The problem which is being discussed is insoluble .( 作主语 )

For example: The book which I borrowed from the library yesterday has been translated into several languages . ( which 作从句的宾语 )

For example: The songs (which)Mary sang were very popular . ( 作宾语)

3.用“which”不用“that”的情况

（1）.关系代词前有介词且指物或事时。

For example: The pen with which you are writing is Jim's .

For example: The hotel at which we stayed was both cheap and comfortable .

（2）先行词本身是“that”时,关系词只能用which.

For example: What is that which flashed in the sky just now ?

4.who, whom, whose的用法

“who” and “whom” always refer to persons . “who” is used as the subject of the clause, “whom” as the object . “whose” usually refers to persons, sometimes to things . “whose” is used to indicate possession .( who和whom 总是指人。“who”作从句的主语， “whom”作从句的宾语。“whose”通常用来指人，但有时也指事物。 “whose”用于表达所有的。

（1）who

“who” is used as the subject of the verb in the clause . ( who在从句中作动词的主语)

For example: The man who has just left is my brother .

For example: I would like to find out the boy who wrote this essay .

（2）whom

“whom” is used as the object of a verb or a preposition .In speech it is often omitted .(whom 用作动词或介词的宾语。在口语中，它通常被省略)

For example: The woman whom I saw didn't know much about the organization .

who 也可用作动词宾语或介词宾语，whom 是正式的表达，who是非正式的表达。

For example: This is the boy whom he met yesterday . (正式表达法)

For example: This is the boy who he met yesterday . (非正式表达法)

（3）whose

“whose” is the possessive relative pronoun . The alternative is to use “ of  which ” . whose 是表示所有的关系代词，可用 “of which”来代替。

For example: There is the man whose son is in my class .

For example: The book whose (of which) cover is torn is mine .

二、常用的关系副词

where, when and why

The word where , when and why also introduce attributive clauses they can be substituted for preposition plus “which”

“where”  “when” “why” 这三个词引导定语从句，它们能代替“介词+which”

（1）where

当先行词表示地点，关系词用 “where”

For example: I am going to meet him on the corner where the bus stops .

（2）when

当先行词表示时间，关系词用when

For example: They met at the time when they were both working for the same company .

（3）why

当先行词表示原因，关系词用why

For example: The reason why he didn't come was that he was sick .

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

Restrictive clauses限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句修饰的是名词中心词。它不能通过逗句与主句隔开，整个句子是一个单位。

Things,  that(which) ,  of which (whose), etc.  interest but not necessary to the meaning . It is set off by phrases in speech and by commas in writing .

三．non-restrictive clauses 非限制性定语从句

非限制性定语从句放在先行词后，它只是给先行词提供一些信息，但不是十分必要的。在口语中通常用短语把它隔开，在写作中通常使用句号把它与先行词隔开。

For example: Furniture is made in that factory ,which is visited by many people everyday .

For example: We went to the industrial exhibition , where we saw two man-made satellites .